The American Journal of Surgery
Volume 200, Issue 3 , Pages 426-432 , September 2010

Preoperative decision making for rectal cancer

  • Panagiotis Taflampas, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgery, Venizeleio Hospital, PO Box 44, 71409, Herakleion, Greece
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +30-2810-368406; fax: +30-2810-392382
  • ,
  • Manousos Christodoulakis, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical School of Crete University Hospital, Herakleion, Greece
  • ,
  • Eelco de Bree, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical School of Crete University Hospital, Herakleion, Greece
  • ,
  • John Melissas, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical School of Crete University Hospital, Herakleion, Greece
  • ,
  • Dimitris D.A. Tsiftsis, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical School of Crete University Hospital, Herakleion, Greece

Received 30 May 2009 ,Revised 2 September 2009

References 

  1. Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A, et al. Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:583–596
  2. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:1465–1472
  3. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:980–987
  4. Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery—the clue to pelvic recurrence?. Br J Surg. 1982;69:613–616
  5. Wibe A, Rendedal PR, Svensson E, et al. Prognostic significance of the circumferential resection margin following total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2002;89:327–334
  6. Beets-Tan R, Lettingab T, Beets G. Pre-operative imaging of rectal cancer and its impact on surgical performance and treatment outcome. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2005;31:681–688
  7. Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, et al. Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1114–1123
  8. Nagtegaal ID, Marijnen CA, Kranenbarg EK, et al. Circumferential margin involvement is still an important predictor of local recurrence in rectal carcinoma: not one millimeter but two millimeters is the limit. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002;26:350–357
  9. Quirke P, Dixon MF. The prediction of local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1998;3:127–131
  10. Stocchi L, Nelson H, Sargent DJ, et al. Impact of surgical and pathologic variables in rectal cancer: a United States community and cooperative group report. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:3895–3902
  11. Heald RJ, Moran BJ, Ryall RD, et al. Rectal cancer: the Basingstoke experience of total mesorectal excision, 1978–97. Arch Surg. 1998;133:894–899
  12. Aitken RJ. Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1996;83:214–216
  13. Enker WE, Thaler HT, Cranor ML, et al. Total mesorectal excision in the operative treatment of carcinoma of the rectum. J Am Coll Surg. 1995;181:335–346
  14. Enker WE. Total mesorectal excision-the new golden standard of surgery for rectal cancer. Ann Med. 1997;29:127–133
  15. Martling AL, Holm T, Rutqvist LE, et al. Effect of a surgical training programme on outcome of rectal cancer in the county of Stockholm. Stockholm Colorectal Cancer Study Group, Basingstoke Bowel Cancer Research Project. Lancet. 2000;356:93–96
  16. Carlsen E, Schlichting E, Guldvog I, et al. Effect of the introduction of total mesorectal excision for the treatment of rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1998;85:526–529
  17. Taflampas P, Christodoulakis M, De Bree E, et al. Towards quality control in rectal cancer surgery: a preliminary Greek experience. Aust N Z J Surg. 2008;78:1–4
  18. Daniels I. MRI predicts surgical resection margin status in patients with rectal cancer: results from the Mercury Study Group. Clin Oncol. 2004;16:S45–S46
  19. Brown G, Richards CJ, Newcombe RG, et al. Rectal carcinoma: thin-section MR imaging for staging in 28 patients. Radiology. 1999;211:215–222
  20. Cervantes A, Rodriguez-Braun E, Navvaro S, et al. Integrative decisions in rectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2007;18:127–131
  21. Gray R, Hills R, Stone R, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a systematic overview of 8,507 patients from 22 randomised trials. Lancet. 2001;358:1291–1304
  22. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:638–646
  23. Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W, et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1731–1740
  24. Sebag-Montefiore D, Steele R, Quirke P, et al. Routine short course pre-op radiotherapy or selective post-op chemoradiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer? Preliminary results of the MRC CR07 randomized trial (ASCO meeting abstracts). J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:148
  25. Giridharan S, Vakkalanka B, Anwar MS. Multicentre prospective audit of surgical outcomes and acute complications following short course pre-operative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2005;7:43–46
  26. Quirke P, Durdey P, Dixon MF, et al. Local recurrence of rectal adenocarcinoma due to inadequate surgical resection (Histopathological study of lateral tumour spread and surgical excision). Lancet. 1986;2:996–999
  27. Quirke P. Training and quality assurance for rectal cancer: 20 years of data is enough. Lancet Oncol. 2003;4:695–702
  28. Quirke P. The pathologist, the surgeon and colorectal cancer get it right because it matters. Prog Pathol. 1998;4:201–213
  29. Shia J, Guillem JG, Moore HG, et al. Patterns of morphologic alteration in residual rectal carcinoma following preoperative chemoradiation and their association with long-term outcome. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004;28:215–223
  30. Vecchio FM, Valentini V, Minsky BD, et al. The relationship of pathologic tumor regression grade (TRG) and outcomes after preoperative therapy in rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;62:752–760
  31. Kim JS, Kim JS, Cho MJ, et al. Preoperative chemoradiation using oral capecitabine in locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;54:403–408
  32. Klautke G, Feyerherd P, Ludwig K, et al. Intensified concurrent chemoradiotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan as neoadjuvant treatment in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:1215–1220
  33. Mohiuddin M, Winter K, Mitchell E, et al. Randomized phase II study of neoadjuvant combined-modality chemoradiation for distal rectal cancer: radiation therapy oncology group trial 0012. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:650–655
  34. Aschele C, Friso ML, Pucciarelli S. A phase I–II study of weekly oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion and preoperative radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2005;16:1140–1146
  35. Ryan DP, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, et al. I/II study of preoperative oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and external-beam radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 89901. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2557–2562
  36. Turitto G, Panelli G, Frattolillo A, et al. Phase II study of neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy with oxaliplatin containing regimen in locally advanced rectal cancer. Front Biosci. 2006;11:1275–1279
  37. Czito B, Bendell J, Willett C. Preliminary results of a phase I study of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), oxaliplatin (OX), bevacizumab (BV), and capecitabine (CAP) for locally advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the rectum. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:157
  38. Chung KY, Minsky BD, Schrag E. Phase I trial of preoperative cetuximab with concurrent continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil and pelvic radiation in patients with local-regionally advanced rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:161
  39. Sobin LH, Wittekind CH. International Union Against Cancer (UICC) (TNM Classification on Malignant Tumours). 6th ed.. New York: Wiley-Liss; 2002;
  40. Bipat S, Glas A, Slors F, et al. Rectal cancer: local staging and assessment of lymph node involvement with endoluminal US, CT and MRI imaging. A meta-analysis. Radiology. 2004;232:773–783
  41. Quirke P, Dixon MF. The prediction of local recurrence in rectal adenocarcinoma by histopathological examination. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1988;3:127–131
  42. Birbeck KF, Macklin CP, Tiffin NJ, et al. Rates of circumferential resection margin involvement vary between surgeons and predict outcomes in rectal cancer surgery. Ann Surg. 2002;235:449–457
  43. Peeters K, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al. The randomized controlled TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. A report from the TME trial. Ann Surg. 2007;246:693–700
  44. Simunovic M, Sexton R, Rempel E, et al. Optimal preoperative assessment and surgery for rectal cancer may greatly limit the need for radiotherapy. Br J Surg. 2003;90:999–1003
  45. Cecil TD, Sexton R, Moran BJ, et al. Total mesorectal excision results in low local recurrence rates in lymph node positive rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1145–1149
  46. Eriksen MT, Wibe A, Syse A, et al. Inadvertent perforation during rectal cancer resection in Norway. Br J Surg. 2004;91:210–216
  47. Salerno G, Chandler I, Wotherspoon A, et al. Sites of surgical waisting in the abdominoperineal specimen. Br J Surg. 2008;95:1147–1154
  48. Holm T, Ljung A, Häggmark T, et al. Extended abdominoperineal resection with gluteus maximus flap reconstruction of the pelvic floor for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2007;94:232–238
  49. Nascimbeni R, Nivatvongs S, Larson DR, et al. Long-term survival after local excision for T1 carcinoma of the rectum. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1773–1779
  50. Hulsmans FJ, Tio TL, Fockens P, et al. Assessment of tumour infiltration depth in rectal cancer with transrectal sonography; caution is necessary. Radiology. 1994;190:715–722
  51. Heald RJ. Surgical management of rectal cancer: a multidisciplinary approach to technical and technological advances. Br J Radiol. 2005;78:S128–S130

PII: S0002-9610(10)00016-4

doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.09.023

The American Journal of Surgery
Volume 200, Issue 3 , Pages 426-432 , September 2010